上海大学管理学英语unit8 C.pptVIP

* * * * * * Unit 8 Text C Exercises Text C Maslow’s Need Hierarchy 1 Abraham Maslow was a psychologist who proposed a need theory of motivation emphasizing psychological and interpersonal needs in addition to physical needs and economic necessity. His theory was based on a need hierarchy later applied through Theory X and Theory Y, two sets of assumptions about people at work. In addition, his need hierarchy was reformulated in an ERG theory of motivation using a revised classification scheme for basic human needs. The Hierarchy of Needs 2 The core of Maslow’s theory of human motivation is a hierarchy of five need categories. He recognized that there were factors other than one’s needs (for example, culture) that were determinants of behavior. However, he focused his theoretical attention on specifying people’s internal needs. Maslow labeled the five hierarchical categories as physiological needs, safety and security needs, love (social) needs, esteem needs, and the need for self-actualization. Maslow’s need hierarchy is depicted in the following chart, along with how the needs relate to Douglas McGregor’s assumptions about people, which will be discussed next. 3 Maslow conceptually derived the five need categories from the early thoughts of William James and John Dewey, coupled with the psychodynamic thinking of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Maslow’s need theory was later tested in research with working populations. For example, one study reported that middle managers had different perceptions than lower level managers of their need deficiencies and the importance of their needs. More recently, Motorola has adapted motivational techniques in teamwork aimed at the social and interpersonal needs from its Penang operations in Malaysia to its 2,300 person factory in Plantation, Florida. One distinguishing feature of Maslow’s need hierarchy is the following progression hypothesis. Although some research has challenged the assumption, the theory says th