初级经济师辅导资料14（国外英文资料）.docVIP

初级经济师辅导资料14（国外英文资料） Monetary and currency issues The essence of money and the evolution of monetary form (1) the essence of money Grasp the essence of money. Marx starting from the origin of currency to reveal the nature of the currency, believe that separated from the commodity world of money, fixed ACTS as a universal equivalent of special goods, and can reflect the certain production relation. From three aspects: First, money is generated spontaneously in the exchange of goods, which is the inevitable outcome of the development of value form and commodity production and exchange. Second, money is a special commodity that is fixed as a general equivalent. As a general equivalent, the currency has two basic characteristics (familiar) : (1) the currency is the material that shows the value of any commodity. (2) the currency has the ability to exchange directly with all goods. Third, the currency reflects a certain production relationship. Marxs starting point for studying the nature of money is (). The origin of the currency The function of the currency The shape of the currency The role of money [the answer] a. The evolution of monetary form Familiarize yourself with the evolution of monetary form: physical money, the currency of credit 1. The physical currency The physical currency is directly separated from the commodity and has the corresponding value and the specific use value. It has two phases: (1) the stage of the physical currency of the non-metal. (2) advanced stage, metal physical money circulation stage. The development of metal money circulation: first, monetary materials: base metals, precious metals; Secondly, the circulation of the COINS in the natural form of metal. Substitute currency -- can be exchanged with the equivalent of physical currency The term currency refers to the monetary form of a metal physical currency that can be converted into a metal physical currency at any time, including bank notes and token money. The substitution currency sh