垂直约束.pptVIP

* Monopoly A monopoly is the only supplier of a good for which there is no close substitute. A monopolys output is the market output. A monopolys demand curve is market demand curve. Its demand curve is downward sloping. It doesnt lose all its sales if it raises its price. A monopoly is a price setter, not a price taker. * Monopoly Profit Maximization Monopolies, like other firms, maximize profits by choosing quantity such that: marginal revenue = marginal cost MR(Q) = MC(Q) But with a monopoly, MR(Q) ≠ P. * How Do Monopolies Arise? A firm has a cost advantage over other firms (e.g. due to better technology). Government regulation prevents entry. Several firms merge into a single firm. Firms act collectively = a cartel. Firms use strategies - such as threats of violence - that discourage other firms from entering market. * Natural Monopoly A market has a natural monopoly if one firm can produce total market output at lower cost than could several firms. If cost for Firm i to produce qi is C(qi), the condition for a natural monopoly is C(Q) C(q1) + C(q2) + ... + C(qn), where Q = q1 + q2 + .. + qn is sum of output of any n 2 firms * Natural Monopoly, 2 Equivalently, natural monopoly arises if the long-run AC curve is declining. This corresponds to a technology characterized by economies of scale. * Figure Natural Monopoly 15 20 40 10 6 0 12 15 AC = 10 + 60/ Q MC = 10 Q, Units per day AC , MC , $ per unit * 完全垄断情况下的市场需求 完全垄断厂商所面临的需求曲线 在完全垄断情况下，市场上只有一个垄断厂商以某个价格销售产品，所以垄断者是“价格的设立者”。整个市场的需求曲线就是对该垄断产品的需求曲线。 需求曲线的含义是：如果该垄断厂商要销售更多产品，则必须降低价格。这样，垄断厂商的边际收益MR必定小于产品售价P。 (比较：在完全竞争条件下MR=P) * 完全垄断情况下的市场需求 完全垄断厂商所面临的需求曲线 价格 产量 总收益 边际收益 0 0 7.00 1 7.00 6.00 2 12.00 *5.50 2.5 13.75 5.00 3 15.00 4.00 4 16.00 3.00 5 15.00 2.00 6 12.00 1.00 7 7.00 8 0 7 5 (3) 1 -1 -3 -5 -7 Q P($) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MR B A C F D B’ F’ C’ B’’ e1 e=1 e1 * 完全垄断厂商所面临的需求曲线 完全垄断条件下厂商的总收益与销售量之间的关系 P($) D Q 4 8 4 8 8 4