本科 《措辞学概论》部分(国外英文资料).docVIP

本科 《语言学概论》部分(国外英文资料) Chapter 1 language and Linguistics The first section is the objective form of language First, what is language? 1. verbal communication is a process of encoding and decoding: communication between people is actually a matter of communication: (1) social problems, cultural issues, philosophical problems and logical problems. (2) psychophysiological problems. (3) a very complex process of physical problems. Some people refer to such a process as a coding and decoding process from the point of view of communication theory. From the speakers side is a coding process, from the listeners side is a decoding process, these activities are objective existence. The relation between the objective form of the 2. language and the subjective cognition of the human being: the objective form of the language and the subjective understanding are not exactly the same. A linguist studies only the language that has been subjectively generalized by linguists and idealized and simplified in varying degrees. Therefore, the process of linguistic research is a step by step to make our subjective understanding closer to objective things and the process of objective phenomena. Two, oral and written language 1. the relationship between written and spoken language: (1) spoken and written language is the two objective form of language. Spoken language is the oral existence of language, and written language is the written form of language. (2) spoken language is primary, written language is secondary, and there is only spoken language without the corresponding written language. (3) in most cases, they are basically the same, that is, the basic vocabulary and grammatical structure are consistent. The serious phenomenon of out of words can not be maintained in modern society. (4) written language is neither a faithful record of spoken language nor a copy of spoken machinery. Written language generally does not record auxiliary means of oral communication, such as expression, ges