微生物的新陈代谢.ppt

A major product in the catabolic pathways described previously is NADH + H+ In the presence of oxygen this can be oxidized by the electron-transport pathway. However, in the absence of oxygen, this must be oxidized back to NAD+ . Many microbes utilize derivatives of pyruvate as electron and H+ acceptors and this allows NADH + H+ to be re-oxidized to NAD+ . This process may lead to an increase in ATP synthesis, an important factor for organisms growing in the absence of oxygen (anaerobes). Such pathways are commonly termed fermentation reactions. Fermentation(definition) fermentation 3.fermentation broadly or generally speaking it is referred to as any production of the useful metabolites , foods or beverage by aerobic or anaerobic microbes. Narrowly speaking , it’s a energy-producing biological oxidation through substrate-level phosphoration, the [H] removed from the substrate was directly transferred to one of some endogenesis(内源性) intermediate metabilte without the transportation by respiratory chain. 4 types of important fermentation: Fermentation started from pyruvate derived from EMP pathway Fermentation through HMP pathway fermentation through ED pathway stickland reaction——amino acid fermentation Homoalcoholic fermentation Homolactic fermentation 丙酸发酵 Mixed acid fernentation Butanediol fermentation Butyric acid fermentation丁酸 发酵 EMP The basic outline of this pathway is shown in Fig. The pathway produces NADPH and sugars (4C, 5C), which are required for the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and nucleotides. When organisms are growing on a pentose (5 C) sugar, the pathway can also be used to produce carbohydrates for cell-wall synthesis. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3-磷酸甘油醛)can be used to generate energy via the glycolytic/ Entner-Doudoroff pathways. Although energy is obtained from the breakdown of pyruvate by one of the previous pathways, a significantly greater yield can be achieved in the presence of oxygen from t