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Software Engineering Zheng Li （李征） Jing Wan （万静） Part Three: Quality Management Chapter 15: Quality Concepts 2016年2月17 日，被日本寄予厚望的X射线天文卫星“瞳”成 功发射升空，但仅仅一个月后，“瞳”与地面的通信出现严 重故障，经地面光学望远镜测控发现其运行轨迹出现多块太 空碎片。4月28 日，JAXA在最新的新闻发布会上宣布，最新 数据表明，至少从卫星主体分离出了10块碎片，其中包括两 块太阳能电池板。 日本宇宙航空研究开发机构（JAXA）正式宣布，无法恢复 对X射线卫星“瞳”的操控，事故原因经初步调查源自底层 软件错误。卫星的控制系统在发现飞行姿态失控时，采取了 错误的调整，推进器点火时朝向了错误的反方向，导致自身 旋转更加严重，最终彻底失控。 软件Bug 引发的十次严重后果  。。。 Software Quality  In 2005, ComputerWorld [Hil05] lamented that ▪ “bad software plagues nearly every organization that uses computers, causing lost work hours during computer downtime, lost or corrupted data, missed sales opportunities, high IT support and maintenance costs, and low customer satisfaction.  A year later, InfoWorld [Fos06] wrote about the ▪ “the sorry state of software quality” reporting that the quality problem had not gotten any better.  Today, software quality remains an issue, but who is to blame? ▪ Customers blame developers, arguing that sloppy practices lead to low- quality software. ▪ Developers blame customers (and other stakeholders), arguing that irrational delivery dates and a continuing stream of changes force them to deliver software before it has been fully validated. Quality  The American Heritage Dictionary defines quality as ▪ “a characteristic or attribute of something.”  For software, two kinds of quality may be encountered: ▪ Quality of design encompasses requirements, specifications, and the design of the system. ▪ Quality of conformance is an issue focused primarily on implementation. ▪ User satisfaction = compliant product + good quality + delivery within b