【2017年整理】生物与分离名词解释.doc

Chapter 1 Downstream processing(DSP)：The isolation and purification of a biotechnological product to a form suitable for its intended use. The separation and purification of products synthesized by bioprocesses: Biotechnology：the use of cultured microorganisms, animal cells, and plant cells to produce products useful to humans. Modern biotechnology：Built on genetic engineering to produce commercial products or processes. Chapter 2 Coagulation：the chemical alteration of the colloidal particles to make them stick together 凝聚值：表示电解质的凝聚能力，使胶粒发生凝聚作用的最小电解质浓度m mol/L. Flocculation: a process whereby particles are aggregated into clusters. Filtration separates solid from a liquid by forcing the liquid?through a filter medium. 滤浆（feed/ slurry）： 悬浮液 过滤介质(filter medium) ： 多孔物质 滤液 (filtrate)： 通过过滤介质的液体 滤饼 (filter cake)： 被截留的固体物质 Conventional or dead-end filtration: the fluid flows perpendicular to the medium which result in a cake of solids depositing on the filter medium. Crossflow filtration:The fluid flows parallel to the medium to minimize buildup to solids on the medium. Centrifugation is a process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of mixtures. 分离因数（Z）：离心力与重力的比值。衡量离心程度的参数 Chapter 3 Cell lysis is the process of breaking cell membranes and walls to release the cell contents. Bead mill disruption: Agitation with glass in bead mills ruptures the cells by a combination of high shear and impact with the cells. High-pressure homogenization: The cell suspension is forced at high pressure through an orifice of narrow internal diameter to emerge at atmospheric pressure. Ultrasonication disruption: Use of high frequency sound waves to disrupt cell walls and membranes. Ultrasonication disrupts the cells by cavitation. Osmotic pressure: This is nothing more than dumping a given volume of cells into pure water- often about twice the volume of cells. The cells swell because they contain solutes which cause an osmotic flow of water into the cells. In