【2017年整理】课件与2._phonetics.ppt

Chapter 2 Phonology Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech soundssounds that convey meaning in human communication. Phonetics A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop. Three branches of phonetics Articulatory phoneticsfrom the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds” Auditory phoneticsfrom the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived” Acoustic phoneticsfrom the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another. Spectrographs are used to study the properties of sounds. Articulatory phonetics Speech organs: three important areas Illustration The diagram at the right illustrates these regions in another sagittal view The diagram of speech organs Lips Teeth Teeth ridge (alveolar) Hard palate Soft palate (velum) Uvula Tip of tongue Blade of tongue Back of tongue Vocal cords Pharyngeal cavity Nasal cavity Orthographic representation of speech sounds A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound. Broad transcription used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [ l ], [ pit ] Narrow transcription used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ] Notation for speech sounds As we will see below, spelling does not provide a precise guide to speech sounds (especially in English) Linguists use a standardized system of notation called the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent speech sounds in a consistent fashion This uniform system can be used to represent sounds from any of the world’s languages The IPA For full details on the I