语言学复习资料2013.docVIP

期末考试题型： PART I MULTIPLE CHOICE (30%, 2% each) 十五道选择题，有八级真题在其中。 PART II DEFINITIONS (15%, 3% each) 概念判断匹配，六选五 PART III LINGUISTIC READING AND ANALYSIS (40%, 2% each) 四篇材料，二十道题，分析阅读，选择解答。 PART IV CASE ANALYSIS (15%) Directions: In this section there are some interrelated materials for you to analyze and explain via the linguistic theory you have learnt. Several related questions are attached beneath the materials and you are to answer the questions as accurately and insightfully as possible. 答题须以英语作答。 重要知识点复习大纲： 第一章： 1.1.4 Scope of Linguistics 1.the definition of linguistics : Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or as the scientific study of language. 1.2.1 Definition of language 1.the definition of language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(system: The elements of language are combined according to rules. Arbitrary任意的: There is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. Vocal口头的: The primary medium for all languages is sound. human communication : Language is human-specific.) 1.2.3 Design(distinctive) features of language 语言的7种特性: 1.Arbitrariness任意性 2.Duality 双重性(double articulation) 3.Productivity创造性 (Creativity) 4.Interchangeability 转换性(Reciprocity) 5. Displace替代性 6.Specialization 1.2.4 Functions of language理解及示例判断 语言的7种特性: 1.Arbitrariness任意性2.Duality 双重性(double articulation) 3.Productivity创造性 (Creativity) 4.Interchangeability 转换性(Reciprocity) 5. Displace替代性6.Specialization 7.Cultural transmission 1.2.1 descriptive and prescriptive grammars Descriptive(描写式) and prescriptive(规定式)grammars : Descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language.Most modern linguistics is descriptive. It attempts to describe what people actually say. Traditional grammars is prescriptive for it tell people how to use a language. 1.3.2 synchronic and diachronic linguistics Synchronic and diachr