英美概况5.pptVIP

Outline of Section Two HenryⅡ and His Reform The Great Charter Beginning of Parliament The Hundred Year’s War The Black Death (1348-1349) The Peasant Uprising (1368) The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) The House of Norman Henry IIs Reform Henry II was the first of the House of Plantagenet to rule England. Henry was the first to use the title King of England He claimed vast territories by blood and marriage. The reforms of the Church government brought King Henry into collision with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered at Canterbury Cathedral in 1170, by the order of King Henry. Henry II expanded the British empire, and England continued to hold parts of France for 500 years until Calais was finally lost in 1558. HenryⅡ and His Reform 1. HenryⅡ’s reform A. Measures to end the disorders: He forced the Flemish (adj. 佛兰德的, 佛兰德人的, ) mercenaries to leave England; recalled grants of Royal lands; demolished castles; strengthened the powers of his sheriffs and relied for militia（国民自卫队）. B. Administrative: a. abolished the annual land tax based on hide, and emerged a new tax which assessed at the percentage of a subject’s annual rents and chattels (动产); b. revival and elaboration of HenryⅠ’s policies. C. Legal reform: HenryⅡ greatly strengthened the king’s Court and extended its judicial work. He divided the country into six circuits and appointed itinerant justices. The common law and jury system came out. He wished to reform church courts, all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in the Bishop’s court. D. Common law: It is the unwritten law common to the whole people and is “case-made”, i.e., based on precedent judgments, and derived from acknowledged custom.  2. Conflict between king and Becket. A. Reason: It was these exceptional privileges and benefit of clergy that brought King Henry into collision with Thomas Becket. B. Process: a. In 1154, Thomas Becket was appointed Chancellor of England. b