chapter17微观经济学.pptVIP

第16章 市场失灵与微观经济政策 第一节、市场失灵及其领域 一、市场失灵的含义 指市场机制在某些领域不能提供符合社会效率条件的商品或服务。 二、市场失灵的原因 1、垄断 2、公共产品 3、外部性 4、非对称信息 第一节 公共产品(Public Goods) When thinking about the various goods in the economy, it is useful to group them according to two characteristics: Is the good excludable? Is the good rival? Excludability Excludability refers to the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it. Rivalry Rivalry refers to the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use. Types of goods excludability rivalry examples Private goods yes yes 衣服、彩电、小汽车等 Public goods no no 国防，道路、桥梁等基础设施 Common resources no yes 公海里的鱼、环境等 Natural monopolies yes no 消防、公用事业 满足人们需要的物品根据其是否具有排他性和竞争性可以作如下分类： 排他性是指个人被排除在消费某种产品的利益之外。 竞争性是指个人消费某种产品时减少了他人对该产品的享用。 COMMON RESOURCES Common resources, like public goods, are not excludable. They are available free of charge to anyone who wishes to use them. Common resources are rival goods because one person’s use of the common resource reduces other people’s use. Tragedy of the Commons The Tragedy of the Commons is a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole. Common resources tend to be used excessively when individuals are not charged for their usage. This is similar to a negative externality. 第二节 外部性 一、含义 市场经济中某一个体的经济行为对他人所产生的影响，而这种影响并未计入双方的成本或收益之中。 An externality refers to the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail to maximize total surplus. An externality arises... . . . when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. 二、种类 1、生产的外部性（正、负） 2、消费的外部性（正、负） When the impact on the bystander is adverse, the externality is called a negative externality. When the impact on the bystander is beneficia