基本群と被覆空间.PDFVIP

2014 II 9 2. (Rn , Sn RPn CPn ) I = [0, 1] R S1 = {z ∈∈ C | |z | = 1}. . X I = [0, 1] X a, b ∈ X f (0) = a, f (1) = b P (X ; a, b) u, v ∈ P (X ; a, b) F (t, 0) = u(t), F (t, 1) = v (t), F (0, s) = a, F (1, s) = b F : I × I → X u v F u v u ∈ P (X ; a, b) u−1 ∈ P (X ; b, a) u−1 (t) = u(1 − t) u ∈ P (X ; a, b) v ∈ P (X ; b, c) uv ∈ P (X ; a, c) ⎧ 1 ⎨ ) u(2t) (0 ≤ t ≤ 2 uv (t) = 1 ⎩ ≤ t ≤ 1) v (2t − 1) (2 u v 2.1. X P (X ; a, b) ∼ u ∼ v ⇔ u v (1) ∼ (2) P (X ; a, b) × P (X ; b, c) P (X ; a, c) P (X ; a, b)/ ∼ ×P (X ; b, c)/ ∼ P (X ; a, c)/ ∼ (3) (2) 2.2. X a ∈ X (2.1) P (X ; a, a) P (X ; a, a)/ ∼ π (X, a) 2.1 π (X, a) 1 1 π (X, a) aˆ(t) = a 1 aˆ ∈ P (X ; a, a) π (X, a) X a 1 2.1. X 1.6 (2) U V a U π (X, a) = π (U, a) 1 1 2.2. X X Rn ( 2.7), Sn ( 2.9)CPn ( 2.11) 10 2014 II 2.3. X w a b w˜ : P (X ; a, a) → P (X ; b, b) u ∈ P (X ; a, a) (w−1u)w ∈ P (X ; b, b) w˜ a π (X, a) b π (X, b) 1 1 (1) w˜ π (X, a) π (X, b) w 1 1 ∗ (2) w∗ (3) w∗ (4) w∗ 2.3. 2.3 X 2.4. a b w , w w w (X, a, b, w