第五章抽样和抽样分布辨析.ppt

* * * * * * 9 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Have students verify these numbers. * Have students verify these numbers. * * * * Have students verify these numbers. * * * * * 9 * An estimator is a random variable used to estimate a population parameter (characteristic). Unbiasedness An estimator is unbiased if the mean of its sampling distribution is equal to the population parameter. Efficiency The efficiency of an unbiased estimator is measured by the variance of its sampling distribution. If two estimators, with the same sample size, are both unbiased, then the one with the smaller variance has greater relative efficiency. Consistency An estimator is a consistent estimator of a population parameter if the larger the sample size, the more likely it is that the estimate will come close to the parameter. * An estimator is a random variable used to estimate a population parameter (characteristic). Unbiasedness An estimator is unbiased if the mean of its sampling distribution is equal to the population parameter. Efficiency The efficiency of an unbiased estimator is measured by the variance of its sampling distribution. If two estimators, with the same sample size, are both unbiased, then the one with the smaller variance has greater relative efficiency. Consistency An estimator is a consistent estimator of a population parameter if the larger the sample size, the more likely it is that the estimate will come close to the parameter. * 在重复选取容量为n的样本时，由样本均值的所有可能取值形成的相对频数分布 一种理论概率分布 推断总体均值?的理论基础 样本均值的抽样分布 * * 样本均值的抽样分布(例题分析) 【例】设一个总体，含有4个元素(个体) ，即总体单位数N=4。4 个个体分别为x1=1，x2=2，x3=3，x4=4 。总体的均值、方差及分布如下 总体分布 1 4 2 3 0 .1 .2 .3 均值和方差 ? = 2.5 σ2 =1.25 * * 样本均值的抽样分布(例题分析) ? 现从总体中抽取n＝2的简单随机样本，在重复抽样条件下，共有42=16个样本。所有样本的结果为 3,4 3,3 3,2 3,1 3 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,1 2 4,4 4,3 4,2 4,1 4 1,4 4 1,3 3 2 1 1,2 1,1 1 第二个观察值 第一个 观察值 所有可能的n = 2 的样本（共16个） * * 样本均值的抽样分布(例题分析) ? 计算出各样本的均值，如下表。并给出样本均值的抽样分布 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 3 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 2 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 4 2.5 4 2.0 3 2 1 1.5 1.0 1 第二个观察值 第一个 观察值 16