语用学deixis2015.pptVIP

Reference and Inference 1. Debby: Go anywhere today? 2. Dan: Yes, we went down to Como. Up by bus, back by hydrofoil. 3. Debby: Anything to see there? 4. Dan: Perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns, but it’s worth the trip. 5.Debby: I might do that next Saturday. 6. Jane: What do you mean when you say perhaps not the most interesting of Italian towns 7. Jack: He means certainly not the most interesting… 8. Dan: Just trying to be politely… 1996 will be a year of prosperity and peace. I asked her:“ Are you planning to be here this evening?” I asked her if she was planning to be there that evening. This thrust put the two lieutenants to silence but Heron went on In any case Byron was heretic and immortal too. I don’t care what he was, cried Stephen hotly. You don’t care whether he was a heretic or not? Said Nash. What do you know about it? Shouted Stephen. You never read a line of anything in your life except a trans or Boland either. I know that Byron was a bad man, said Boland. Here, catch hold of this heretic, Heron called out. In a moment Stephen was a prisoner. Tate made you buck up the other day, Heron went on, about heresy in your essay. I will tell him tomorrow, said Boland. Will you? Said Stephen. You’d be afraid to open your mouth. Afraid? Ay. Afraid of your life. Behave yourself? Cried Heron, cutting at Stephen’s legs with his cane. Sense and reference Referential and attributive uses Names and referents The role of co-text Anaphoric reference The sense is the cognitive significance or mode of presentation of the referent. The sense of a proper name is whatever meaning it has, when there is no object to be indicated. The reference is the object that the expression refers to. The reference (or referent) of a proper name is the object it means or indicates. A horse is a four-legged solid-hoofed animal with flowing mane and tail, used from early times to carry loads, for riding, etc. My horse is white. Unicorns, centaurs, goblins, dragons, phoe