unitsemanticmeaningproposition部分 改良版.pptVIP

* Logical Semantics Propositional Logic 命题逻辑 Predicate Logic 谓语逻辑 It is also known as Propositional Calculus(命题演算) or Sentential Calculus(句子演算) It is the study of the truth conditions for propositions（命题的真值条件）: how the truth of a composite proposition（复合命题） is determined by the truth value of its constituent propositions（成分命题） and the connections between them. Truth Condition Proposition Truth Value Truth Condition: conditions which must hold for the sentence to be used to make a true statement. Thus, before we can truthfully say, on some occasion, The cat is on the mat, there must be some relevant feline occupying a specific position relative to an appropriate item of floor covering. According to Lyons, “ A proposition is what is expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statement. “ A truth value is either true or false. And the truth value of a composite proposition is said to be the function(函数） of, or is determined by, the truth values of its component propositions and the logical connectives used in it. 命题的一个重要性质是有真值，它要么真要么假。复合命题的真值被认为是其成分命题的真值及所用逻辑连词的函数，或，其真值是由成分命题的真值及所用逻辑连词决定的。 Letter p stands for a simple proposition. In Logical Semantics, it means “negation”(否定连词) This connective Conjunction corresponds to the English “and”(合取连词). It is called disjunction， which corresponds to the English “or” (析取连词) Implication corresponds to the English “if…then”(蕴涵连词) Equivalence corresponds to the English “if and only if…then”(等值连词) ﹠、∨、→ and ≡ differ from negation in that two propositions are involved, hence the name two-place connectives(二元连词）. In contrast, negation ～ is known as one-place connective（一元连词）. If… and only if…then/ iff… then ?、≡ Equivalence/ biconditional if …then → Implication/ conditional or ∨ Disjunction and ∧、＆ Conjunction T F F F F F F T T F F T F F T F T F T T T T T T p ≡q p →q p ∨ q p ＆q p q the truth functions