第二章从基因到基因组fromgenestogenomes.pptVIP

Chapter 2 We can think about mapping genes and genomes at several levels of resolution:A genetic (or linkage) map identifies the distance between mutations in terms of recombination frequencies. A linkage map can also be constructed by measuring recombination between sites in genomic DNA. A restriction map is constructed by cleaving DNA into fragments with restriction enzymes and measuring the distances between the sites of cleavage. The ultimate map is to determine the sequence of the DNA. From the sequence, we can identify genes and the distances between them. bp is an abbreviation for base pairs; distance along DNA is measured in bp.Restriction enzymes recognize specific short sequences of DNA and cleave the duplex (sometimes at target site, sometimes elsewhere, depending on type).Restriction map is a linear array of sites on DNA cleaved by various restriction enzymes. Figure 2.1 DNA can be cleaved by restriction enzymes into fragments that can be separated by gel electrophoresis. Figure 2.2 Double digests define the cleavage positions of one enzyme with regard to the other. Figure 2.3 A restriction map can be constructed by relating the A-fragments and B-fragments through the overlaps seen with double digest fragments. Figure 2.4 When restriction fragments are identified by their possession of a labeled end, each fragment directly shows the distance of a cutting site from the end. Successive fragments increase in length by the distance between adjacent restriction sites. Figure 2.5 A restriction map is a linear sequence of sites separated by defined distances on DNA. The map identifies the sites cleaved by enzymes A and B, as defined by the individual fragments produced by the single and double digests. Haplotype is the particular combination of alleles in a defined region of some chromosome, in effect the genotype in miniature. Originally used to described combinations of MHC alleles, it now may be used to describe particular combinations of RFLPs.