免疫系统紊乱immunedisorders+aids埃文斯维尔大学(美国).pptVIP

Immune System Disorders Immune System Disorders Hypersensitivity (Allergy): An abnormal response to antigens. Four Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions: Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Reactions Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions Occur within minutes of exposure to antigen Antigens combine with IgE antibodies IgE binds to mast cells and basophils, causing them to undergo degranulation and release several mediators: Histamine: Dilates and increases permeability of blood vessels (swelling and redness), increases mucus secretion (runny nose), smooth muscle contraction (bronchi). Prostaglandins: Contraction of smooth muscle of respiratory system and increased mucus secretion. Leukotrienes: Bronchial spasms. Anaphylactic shock: Massive drop in blood pressure. Can be fatal in minutes. Mast Cells and the Allergic Response Mast Cells and the Allergic Response Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions Involve activation of complement by IgG or IgM binding to an antigenic cell. Antigenic cell is lysed. Transfusion reactions: ABO Blood group system: Type O is universal donor. Incompatible donor cells are lysed as they enter bloodstream. Rh Blood Group System: 85% of population is Rh positive. Those who are Rh negative can be sensitized to destroy Rh positive blood cells. Hemolytic disease of newborn: Fetal cells are destroyed by maternal anti-Rh antibodies that cross the placenta. Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions Involve reactions against soluble antigens circulating in serum. Usually involve IgA antibodies. Antibody-Antigen immune complexes are deposited in organs, activate complement, and cause inflammatory damage. Glomerulonephritis: Inflammatory kidney damage. Occurs with slightly high antigen-antibody ratio is present. Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity Type IV (Cell-Mediated) Reactions Involve reactions by TD memory cells. First contact sensitizes person. Subsequent conta