国际商务教材3.ppt

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Ch. 3 Difference in Cultures What is Culture? Edward Tylor (1870s) – that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society. Geert Hofestede – the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another…Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture. Zvi Namenwirth and Robert Weber – a system of ideas and these ideas constitute a design for living Values and Norms Values – abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable. They are shared assumptions about how things ought to be Norms – the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour in particular situations Folkways: routine conventions of everyday life. Actions of little moral significance, (e.g. dress code; good social manners, neighbour behaviour). Eccentric or ill-mannered if violate it but not bad or evil. (Cultural difference: time conflict between US, N. European and Latin, Arab, Mediterranean culture) Mores: central to the functioning of a societies and to its social life. Indictments against theft, adultery, incest, and cannibalism. They are associated with law. (Cultural difference: No alcohol drinking is allowed in Saudi Arabia while it is accepted in many other places) Culture, Society and the Nation-State Society – a group of people that share a common set of values and norms; people who are bound together by a common culture Nation-state – political creation, may contain single or several cultures Determinants affecting culture: economic and political philosophies discussed in Ch2. Social structure; religion; education and language. Social Structure Social Structure – basic social organization Degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the individual, as opposed to the group Degree to which a society is stratified into classes or