宋文化(文和武).ppt

Song Culture: Choice between Wen and Wu Early Song policy: Elevating the civil (letters), downplaying the military Strengthening the trunk (center) and weakening the branches (regional governments) Powers were concentrated in the hands of civil bureaucracy Military officials were kept in check Powerful generals and strong military men were forced to retire Emperors had members of imperial family marry to sons and daughters of military officials’ families. Rule by Wen A benevolent policy on the treatment of officials Emperors were generally tolerant toward outspoken officials Ministers, highly respected, were seated when discussing policy with the emperor Some Important Developments Technology Military technology: gunpowder, cannons Transportation: huge ships powered by oars and sails capable of holding several hundred men Ships helped development of maritime trade Printing Industry From wood-block printing (c.700) to movable type (1045) facilitated education, the spread of knowledge, the increase of the civil examination candidates Books were widely available Highly specialized knowledge and scholarship emerged Polymath appeared Religious tracts and literature circulated widely Buddhist and Daoist texts Agricultural industry Irrigation-- chained-buckets mechanism (fanche) large step-powered wheels (tache) Rice cultivation seedling horse to pluck out seedling (yangma) dung-drill (fenlou) to do planting and fertilizing Other Industries Heavy industry: steel, iron production, hydraulic machinery used to drive bellow; explosive used to excavate mines Light industry: paper making, silk, lacquer, ceramic, textile Commercialization and Urbanization New techniques resulted in rapid growth of commerce and trade Commercialization of society Urbanization occurred: big cities were dominated by markets and stores of all kinds, particularly food stores, tea houses, clothing stores, bookstores Population increased due to mass production of food People moved to cities from