环境微生物英文.ppt

Concepts Microorganisms are responsible for many of the changes observed in organic and inorganic matter (e.g., fermentation and the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occurred in nature. The development of microbiology as a scientific discipline has depended on the availability of the microscope and the ability to isolate and grow pure cultures of microorganisms. Microbiology is a large discipline, which has a great impact on other areas of biology and general human welfare Spontaneous generation – that living organisms could develop from nonliving or decomposing matter. 1884 Kochs postulates first published Metchnikoff describes phagocytosis Gram stain developed 1887 Petri dish (plate) developed by Richard Petri Beijerinck isolates root nodule bacteria Beijerinck proves that a virus particle causes the tobacco mosaic disease 1921 Fleming discovers lysozyme 1923 First edition of Bergeys Manual 1928 Griffith discovers bacterial transformation 1929 Fleming discovers penicillin Ruska develops first transmission electron microscope 1935 Stanley crystallizes the tobacco mosaic virus 4.What is the enrichment culture technique and why was it a useful new method in microbiology? 5.When and how Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics? The discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matter The Russian microbiologist Winograsky discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur and ammonia to obtain energy, and also isolated nitrogen–fixing bacteria. Beijerinck made fundamental contributions to microbial ecology. He isolated Azotobacter and Rhizobium. Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin. He had the insight to recognize the significance of the inhibition of bacterial growth in the vicinity of a fungal contaminant. Date Microbiological History 1676 Leeuwenhoek discovers