电磁场与电磁波 青岛理工大学.ppt

第一章 矢量分析 (Vector Analysis);主 要 内 容;1-1 Scalars and Vectors;1-1 Scalars and Vectors;1-2 Vector algebra (代数运算);1-2 Vector algebra (代数运算);1-2 Vector algebra (代数运算);1-2 Vector algebra (代数运算);1-3 Scalar product ;1-3 Scalar product ;1-3 Scalar product ;1-3 Scalar product ;1-4 Vector product;1-4 Vector product;1-5. Directional Derivative Gradient ; In rectangular coordinate system, the gradient of a scalar field ? can be expressed as ;1-5. 标量场的方向导数与梯度;梯度是一个矢量。;z;解;作业;回顾：标量场的方向导数与梯度; The surface integral of the vector field A evaluated over a directed surface S is called the flux through the directed surface S, and it is denoted by scalar ?, i.e.; 矢量 A 沿某一有向曲面 S 的面积分称为矢量 A 通过该有向曲面 S 的通量，以标量 ? 表示，即 ; 闭合的有向曲面的方向通常规定为闭合面的外法线方向。; From physics we know that; 已知真空中的电场强度 E 通过任一闭合曲面的通量等于该闭合面包围的自由电荷的电荷量 q 与真空介电常数 ? 0 之比，即，; “div” :observation of the word “divergence; ?V: the volume closed by the closed surface. It shows that the divergence of a vector field is a scalar field, and it can be considered as the flux through the surface per unit volume. ;In rectangular coordinates, the divergence can be expressed as; 当闭合面 S 向某点无限收缩时，矢量 A 通过该闭合面 S 的通量与该闭合面包围的体积之比的极限称为矢量场 A 在该点的散度，以 div A 表示，即;上式表明，散度是一个标量，它可理解为通过包围单位体积闭合面的通量。 ;Divergence Theorem;或者写为;例 求空间任一点位置矢量 r 的散度 。;标量场的梯度; The line integral of a vector field A evaluated along a closed curve is called the circulation of the vector field A around the curve, and it is denoted by ?, i.e.; 矢量场 A 沿一条有向曲线 l 的线积分称为矢量场 A 沿该曲线的环量，以 ? 表示，即;Circulation of the magnetic flux density B around a closed curve l is equal to the product of the conduction current I enclosed by the closed curve and the permeability in free space, i.e. ; 已知真空中磁通密度 B 沿任一闭合有向曲线 l 的环量等于该闭合曲线包围的传导电流强度 I 与真空磁导率 ? 0 的乘积。即 ;Where en the unit vector at the direction about which the circulation of the vector A will be maximum, and ?S is the surface closed by the closed line l. ; In rectangular c