礼貌原则 英语.ppt

Maxim of approbation and modesty in expressives and assertives expressives: express S’s psychological attitude towards a state of affairs: thanking, congratulating, pardoning, blaming, praising, condoling assertives: commit S to the truth of the expressed proposition, e.g. stating, suggesting, boasting, complaining, claiming, reporting Maxim of Agreement Maxim of Sympathy Source: Leech 1983: 136f Source: Leech 1983: 136f * Leech, 1983 Some eastern cultures (e.g. China and Japan) tend to value the Modesty Maxim much more highly than Western countries. English-speaking culture (particularly British?) gives prominence to the Maxim of Tact. Mediterranean cultures place a higher value on the Generosity Maxim and a low value on the Modesty Maxim. * Differences in Politeness Between English and Chinese Culture Modesty A: Your new skirt is very beautiful. B: Thank you! 外国客人：你的工作做得很好。 中国服务员：不， 我的工作还有许多缺点。 * Modesty: Responding to compliments When being complimented, an English-speaking person would readily accept the compliment by saying something like “Thank you” to show his appreciation of the praise. A Chinese speaker would try to deny the truth of the compliment. Self-denigration has been at the core of Chinese notion of politeness for over two thousand years. They both are being modest and they both think they are behaving properly. * Studies of Politeness in China 徐盛桓，礼貌原则新拟 （外语学刊，1992/2） Gu, Yueguo, Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics, 1990:14, 237-257. 顾曰国，礼貌，语用与文化 （外语教学与研究，1992/4） * 注意交际者身份，促进各方关系，注重得体性。 1． 注意自身一方 （1） 适合自己身份地位的话，不说不适合自己身份地位的话。 （2 ） 说话通常倾向于较为谦逊。 徐盛桓教授的模式 * 2. 尊重对方 （1）说适合对方身份地位的话，不说不适合对方身份地位的话。 （2）对于对方，话语通常倾向于较为尊重或客气，尊重客气的程度 （i） 同对方尊长或同他们跟自己疏远的程度成正比。 （ii） 同对方付出的代价的程度成正比。 （iii）同对方要求他人付出的代价成反比。 * A: Excuse me, but would you please tell me how to get to Martin Place?” B: Well, go straight, and then turn left. You won’t miss it. * 3. 考虑第三方 充分注意到交际时在场的第三方， 不说影响到他们身份地位的话。 如果有需要，可以说适合他们身份地位的话。 充分注意