英汉语言对比-6-synthetic vs. analytic-1.ppt

英汉语言对比-6 Synthetic vs. Analytic (1) Ⅰ.Objectives Students are expected to have an understanding of the definitions of synthetic and analytic languages and embodiments of those features in Chinese and English languages; Have an understanding of differences between English and Chinese in inflection, word order, parts of speech and phonology, and illustrate them in specific cases; Ⅱ. Key Points a) inflections in English and their roles in sentence construction b) differences in word order Ⅲ. Teaching Approaches Lecture, class practices and discussions 英汉语言本质比较 语言形态学(linguistic typology)分类： 综合型语言：俄语、德语、拉丁语、古英语 分析型语言：汉语 综合--分析语：英语(a synthetic-analytic language) 综合型语言（synthetic language） A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. 《韦博斯特第九新大学英语辞典》（Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary） Inflection: a change in the form of a word (usually by adding a suffix) to indicate a change in its grammatical function 指这种语言主要通过词本身的形态变化来表达语法意义（格，时，数等）。 分析型语言（analytic language） An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.《兰登书屋大学词典》（Random House College Dictionary） 指这种语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示。 English：a synthetic-analytic language 1. Modern English originated from the Old English and hence it still maintains certain features of the synthetic language; 2. Inflected forms do exist in Modern English, but they are not so complex as those in the Old English; 3. Word order in Modern English is relatively fixed although it is more flexible than that in Modern Chinese; 4. Function words abound in Modern English and are frequently employed. 1. inflectional vs. non-inflectional Inflection: a change in the form of a word to indicate a change in its grammatical function.（只改变语法形态，不改变词义的变化） formal change=change of word form=word-making change+ c