英语量词的语义及功能.ppt

两类相似的高产结构 1. Art./num. + n1 + of + n2 2.Partive construction 3. n1为 unit word /partive word 4．A glass of water (表数量，语义由左向右映射 ) a glass of my teacher (表所有关系，语义由右向左映射 ) 借用名词充当量词 英语量词多为借用量词，即借一类事物来量度另一类事物． 将近１４０个借用量词，一个稳固的被借用为表量的名词词群． １与人体部位有关的词：body, ear, head, handful, mouthful, foot, step; ２与日常生活有关的词：article, ball, carpet, shelf, slice, string, house, page, kettle, nest, etc. ３表自然现象的名词：chunk, cloud, flash, shade, rain, sea, shower, spark, etc. ４表集合的名词：array, band, group, bevy, cluster, wisp, column, herd, etc. 三类表量方式 1以容器表量：bag, barrel, house, jar, case, cage, bucket, mug, pan, truckful, shipload, spoon, tin, tube, nest, mouthful, etc. 2以群体表量：army, batch, brood, party, fleet, fleck, strain, litter, skein, etc. ３以形状表量：ball, speck, queue, ray, scene, spark, stick, chip, ear, mountain, etc 三类语义关系 1单纯表量： A can of meat一听肉 A glass of brandy一杯白兰地 A jar of jam一罐果酱 A pot of soup一锅汤 A tube of toothpaste一管牙膏 A sack of cement一袋水泥 有些表容器的名词借用为量词时必须加上 ful A mouthful of food, A roomful of guests, A spoonful of sugar, A shipload of merchandise, A truckful of coal A handful of sand A basket/basketful of apples 三类语义关系 ２表量兼描述形状（多是客观描述） A bank of oars 一排浆 a bundle of flowers一束花 a flight of steps一段楼梯 a rope of pearls 一串珠子 a sea of flags 一片旗海 a tier of seats 一排座位 三类语义关系 ３表量兼描述性质（多是主观评价） An army／troop of workers　一大队工人　（严谨，威武） A batch of visitors　一批来访者 A crowd of children一群小孩 (杂乱无序，拥挤） A pack of wolves一群狼 A school of fish一群鱼 A swarm of bees一群蜂 A party of teenagers一组十几岁的孩子 A flock of sheep一群羊 A throng of pedestrians一群行人（蜂拥行进） A herd of cattle一群牲口 借用量词的修辞功能 A brood of boys一群嗷嗷待哺的孩子 A forest of skyscrapers比肩林立的大厦 A cloud of flies乌云般的苍蝇 A flash of hope一线希望 A grain of energy丁点精力 A pride of lions尊贵的狮子 A crocodile of boys讨厌的孩子们 英语量词发展的趋势 虚化 有些词丧失其本义不断虚化 A piece of wood/paper/furniture/good luck/poetry/folly/chalk/music/prose/news/kindness 英语量词发展的趋势 脱落 由于名量组合的固定化，语义搭配的规约化，上下文的提示等，数量有时直接结合，量的表达逐渐脱落。 A beer; a coke, two butters and six sugars 汉语量词 看似数量庞大、无迹可寻的汉语量词，实际上可以归纳为几个基本的借代原则和比