药物分析--老外上的研究生课程.ppt

Pharmaceutical Analysis Dr. David M. Johnson Chapter 2 - Development of Analytical Chemistry Elective course of 2010 postgraduates Chemistry and the origin of the universe (evolution of matter from energy) ~ 400,000 yr after Big Bang H2 and He form ? ? ? Brief history of the study of chemical composition Ancient Greek philosophers Plato (428-347 AD) and Aristotle (384-322 AD): Matter is made of four elements - soil, water, air and fire. Another Greek philosopher Democritus (460-370 AD): The universe is composed of indivisible and immutable particles called atoms, one for every kind of material. Both ideas are partially true China: Matter is composed of four elements: soil, water, air and fire. Alchemy attempts to synthesize longevity drugs – studied matter. Middle Ages: Alchemy attempts to turn base metals into gold – They also studied matter J. Dalton (AD 1766-1844): established modern atomic theory A.L. Lavoisier introduced chemical quantitative determination and analytical chemistry and provides experimental evidence for the theory 92 naturally occurring elements, 10M compounds Modern Chemistry: Chemistry is the study of matter, All material is matter, all physical objects are matter the properties of matter, Solid, liquid or gas? How reactive? Poisonous or nutritious? the transformations of matter, and CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(l) CaCl2(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) the energy associated with those transformations. Coal (carbon) + oxygen carbon dioxide + energy C + O2 CO2 + DH What is analytical chemistry? Analytical chemistry is the science that investigates the development and application of methods, instruments and strategies to find the composition of materials. (European Federation - Department of Analytical Chemistry) Expanding the definition: (1) The science concerned with determining the composition, amounts of key components and the structure of materials. (2) The development and application of various methods physical, ch