认知语言学21.ppt

Levels of Categorization Levels of Categorization Conceptual hierarchies Categorization and composite word forms Basic level categorizes and basic experiences Conceptual hierarchies Type-of hierarchies Part-whole hierarchies Type-of hierarchies vsPart-whole hierarchies Type of relationships: extensive and rigid (严格的) scientific classifications Experiential type-of hierarchies: folk taxonomies Part-whole hierarchies (or partonomies) are based on a relationship of continuity and connectivity between entities in the real world. Type-of hierarchies vsPart-whole hierarchies Part-whole superordinates assemble things on the basis of their conceptualized co-presence in time and space. Type-of superodinates collect things on the basis of conceptualized similarities. Part-whole and type-of relationships are alternatives from which speakers can choose according to their needs in specific speech situations. Categorization and composite word forms Type-of and part-whole compounds The emergence of new basic level categories from compounds The myth of the ‘simple’ subordinates Type-of and part-whole compounds Part-whole compounds  see examples: “Apple juice”, “Coat collar”(p101,p103) Part-whole compounds: categories such as coat collar are conceived as parts or accessories(附件) of the wholes represented by the first element of the compound (coat), whose conceptual weight overrides the type-of relationship (a type of collar) in the minds of the ordinary language user. The emergence of new basic level categories from compounds Figure2.14: Attribute links of the subordinate category WHEELCHAIR Conclusions: 1.The more source categories are involved in the structuring of a composite category, the smaller the contribution of the individual cognitive category becomes. 2. A new, self-supporting basic level has been created, if the number source categories reaches a level that makes it difficult to handle the all, parasitic(寄生) categorization becom