语言学教程Chapter 2 Speech Sounds.ppt

Chapter two speech sounds What is phonetics? What is phonology? How phonological study is conducted? Phonological structure=sound patterns 2.1 how speech sounds are made 2.1.1 speech organs Speech organs = vocal organs In the production of speech sounds, the lungs ,the trachea ( or wind pipe ), the throat, the nose, and the mouth will be involved. Pharyngeal cavity Vocal tract oral cavity Nasal cavity What are in the oral cavity? What are in the pharyngeal cavity? What about the nasal cavity? Vocal folds = vocal cords = vocal bands They are either apart, close together, or totally closed. How sounds are related with the three states of the vocal cords? 2.1.2 IPA How IPA came into birth? Who was the first one to propose the idea for a phonetic alphabet? What were the main principles of IPA? 1. 2. 3. The latest version of IPA was revised in____ and updated twice in ____and in____. The IPA chart Pulmonic sounds Consonants Non--pulmonic sounds Vowels Other symbols Diacritics Suprasegmentals Tone levels and word accents 2.2 consonants and vowels The difference between consonants and vowels Obstruction or not Obstruction, consonants; if not vowels. The description of consonants and that of vowels are done along the different lines. 2.2.1 consonants Consonants are described from three aspects: the manner and the place of articulation, and the vibration of vocal cords or not. What does the manner of articulation mean? The manner of articulation (1) stop ( or plosive) (2) nasal (3) fricative (4) approximant (5) lateral (6) trill (7) tap and flap (8) affricate The place of articulation What does it mean? (1) bilabial (2) labiodental (3) dental (4) alveolar (5) postal veolar (6) retroflex (7) palatal (8) velar (9) uvular (10) pharyngeal (11) glottal 2.2.2 vowels Cardinal vowels: 1) A set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame