语言学第十章chapter10.ppt

Chapter 10 Cognitive Linguistics Contents 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Categorization and Categories 10.2.1 The classical theory 10.2.2 Prototype theory 10.2.3 Levels of categorization 10.3 Conceptual Metaphor and Metonymy 10.3.1 Conceptual metaphor 10.3.2 Conceptual metonymy 10.4 Iconicity 10.4.1 Iconicity of order 10.4.2 Iconicity of distance 10.4.3 Iconicity of complexity 10.5 Grammaticalization 10.1 Introduction Describe a car ★ box-like shape, wheels, doors, windows, engine, brakes, seat… ★ comfortable, fast, social status… ★ personal affairs connected with cars, e.g. car accident What does this example tell us? This example tells us that the description of a car goes beyond the objective description, but provides a richer, more natural view of its meaning, and includes the use of metaphor. This approach to language is closely related to human experience of the world and the way to perceive the world. This new approach to language is called cognitive linguistics. cognitive linguistics Cognitive Linguistics is the study of language based on human bodily experience of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world. 认知语言学是基于人类对世界的经验以及他们感知和概念化世界的方式。 three major hypotheses of cognitive linguistics: 1) Language is not an autonomous; 2) Grammar is conceptualization; 3) Knowledge of language emerges from language use. 10.2 Categorization and Categories Categorization: Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. 范畴化是基于人类经验的异同将我们的经验划分成不同的类型。 Categorization is our ability to identify entities as members of groups. 10.2.1 The classical theory The classical theory of categorization can be traced back to Aristotle, and it is carried forward by structuralist and transformationalist linguists. 10.2.1 The classical theory The classical theory—the view that categor