语言学课件-3.ppt

Chapter Three From Morpheme to Phrase A grammatical hierarchy: clause complex clause phrase word group/phrase word morpheme 3.1 What is Morpheme? 3.1.1 Morpheme Morphology Morpheme : The smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, such as boy and –s in boys, check and –ing in checking, dis, appoint, and –ment in disappointment. Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components – morphemes. E.g. purify pur(e) and –ify adj. + ify = v. amplify simplify electrify falsify 3.1.2 Types of Morphemes ( 1 )Free vs. Bound morphemes: Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves, eg boy, girl, table, nation. Such words are called MONO-MORPHEMIC words. Poly-morphemic words: those consist of free morphemes only and are hence called COMPOUNDS and BOUND MORPHEMES. Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone, eg -s, -ed, dis-, un-. ( 2 ) Root, affix and stem Poly-morphemic words other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without destroying its meaning. That is to say, it is that part of the word that remains when all the affixes are removed. E.g. friend in unfriendliness. nation in internationalism Affix: is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound. Affixes in a language are limited in number and generally divided into three subtypes: prefix (dis-, un-), suffix (-en, -ify) and Infix( -ee- in feet). A root may also be free or bound. First, free root morphemes are those that can st