进化生态学-evolutionary ecology.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Western and Florida Scrub Jay Speciation Speciation is the formation of new species. Allopatric speciation - formation of new species occurs when populations of a species become geographically separated from each other and diverge so that when they co-occur they cannot interbreed. Sympatric speciation - occurs when reproductive isolation occurs within the range of a population before any differentiation of the two species can be detected. Allopatric Speciation – Galapagos Islands Finches Darwin’s Finches Sympatric and Allopatric Speciation – Picture Winged Drosophila Eight Species of Picture- Winged Drosophila Founder Events with Picture Winged Drosophila Sympatric Speciation in Cichlids Variation in Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika Cichlids Polyploidy in Spartina cordgrasses Polyploidy - an increase in the number of chromosomes beyond the typical diploid number - may be a doubling or greater - this happens most often in plants Polyploidy often occurs following the production of hybrids Spartina alterniflora marsh – North Carolina Spartina alterniflora Spartina maritima Spartina x townsendii Spartina anglica Spartina anglica – invasive in New Zealand * * * * * * * * * Fig. 3.?Mean ± SE body size (top) and egg to adult development time (bottom) as a function of latitude for lab-reared families of yellow dung fly males and females from six different latitudinal populations in Europe, at 15°C in the sequential experiment (CH: Switzerland; GB: England; D: Germany; S: Sweden; ISL: Iceland)? * * * * Evolutionary Ecology Evidence of local adaptation Environmental or Genetic Variation in WesternYarrow? Creeping Bent Grass - Agrostis stolonifera Adaptation in Trinidad GuppiesPoecilia reticulata Two males Male and Female Adaptation and natural selection in guppy populations John Endler Cline – Bergmann’s Rule Bergmann’s Rule in BearsSun bear, Spectacled bear, Brown bear, Polar bear Fig. 3.?Mean ± SE body size (