社会学概论新修(修订本),郑杭生主编(国外英语资料).doc

社会学概论新修(修订本),郑杭生主编 New introduction to Sociology (Revised Edition), edited by Zheng Hangsheng, The main sections are as follows: fourth chapters and fifteenth chapters Chapter one is the research object of Sociology 1. sociological etymology: Sociology is the word by the French philosopher and sociologist August Conde (1798-1857) first proposed in positivism tutorial in, in order to show that the basic law of an independent discipline using empirical methods to study social phenomenon, which is different from that when this social philosophy or philosophy of history. 2. definition of sociology: Sociology is a comprehensive and specific social science about the conditions and mechanisms for the benign operation and coordinated development of society. 3. The birth condition of sociology: Social and historical background (1) in 18 and nineteenth Century, the European society changed from the traditional feudal society to the modern capitalist society from the beginning of the industrial revolution and the French Revolution in england. Two, the revolution changed society from productive forces to productive relations, from economic base to superstructure, and from ideology to political system. The prominent manifestations are industrialization (the substitution of machine industry for workshop handicraft industry) and urbanization (the enlargement of city scale and the increase of function, etc.) and the social problems associated with it. All of these have a direct impact on the emergence of sociology. In this sense, sociology is the product of social transition from the beginning. (2) the establishment of the capitalist system, and did not really establish a bourgeois Enlightenment thinker foretold freedom, equality and fraternity ideal kingdom , but increasingly exposed many shortcomings, this social evil and vicious spiral, such as intensified the gap between the rich and the gap between the employers and the employees of the opposition. Therefore, the times call fo