高温高压钻井液普及分享.ppt

* Sag is defined as a significant variation in mud density measured during the first bottoms-up circulation after a weighted mud has remained static for some time in a directional well. The density variations are due in part to slumping of beds formed when weight material settles to the low side of the deviated wellbore. Wells with deviated angle 30, mud weight above 12.0 ppg, ERD wells, HTHP wells have high risk of sagging. In the field, sag is measured by weighing the mud at the flowline regularly after it has remained uncirculated for a period of time, such as when circulating bottoms-up after tripping, logging or running casing. The typical “fingerprint” of barite sag is a roughly sinusoidal shape. When circulating bottoms-up, light mud is followed by heavy mud, then by the original-weight mud. The heaviest mud weight usually occurs at bottoms-up. In most directional wells, it is highly probable that some degree of sag has occurred. * It is clear that three key mechanisms are involved in the sag process: dynamic settling, static settling and slumping. Mud treatments should address the right mechanism. Attempts to solve dynamic problems with static solutions could cause lost circulation or related difficulties. For example, elevated gel strengths can only reduce static settling. At one time, sag was considered a classical static problem, because the symptoms are associated with static conditions in the well. However, since most barite beds are formed while circulating, sag is primarily a dynamic settling problem. Typically, bed growth under static conditions (pumps off) is minimal, although slumping is most likely to occur during static periods. For these reasons, drilling practices prior to and after trips can often prevent sag-related problems. * In the 1920s Boycott noticed that blood cells settled faster in test tubes that were inclined than in tubes that were straight up. Acrivos and coworkers developed a theoretical basis, but the general concept is not