Cohesion and Coherence 衔接与连贯.pptVIP

Cohesion and Coherence  ——衔接与连贯;Cohesion and Coherence衔接与连贯;What is cohesion ? Types of the cohesion What is the coherence ? Relationships between cohesion and coherence 天净沙秋思分析 ;语篇的衔接手段;What is Cohesion?;Five types of Cohesion——五种衔接;一、 Reference —— 照应; There is also reference to what is outside the text, exophoric (ex), （语外照应，外指） endophoric (en) (语内照应，内指） ;外照应——独立于上下文之外的词项 内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项 下照应（后照应）——意义依赖于前述词项的词项 上照应（前照应）——意义依赖于后述词项的词项 ;Three Types of Reference: personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference 人称照应 指示照应 比较照应 ; 由人称代词表示的照应关系叫做“人称照应”（Personal Reference）。 在使用人称代词的时候，必须搞明确谁是它的照 应对 象，如果这一点含糊不清，就会模棱两可，引 出歧义。 例如： Jane watched Julia walk into the library with her brother． （Jane看见Julia和谁的兄弟走进图书馆？） 例中的Jane和Julia都是女性，以致后面的her既可指Jane，也可指Julia。可以改写成： Jane watched her brother and Julia walk into the library． 简瞧见她的兄弟和朱莉亚走进图书馆。 ;Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious. Them—指称，表示前面的apples These—指示，指前面的them和apples So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。;二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代;Three types of Substitution;1)A: Have you any knives? I need a sharp one. B: I can get you several very sharp ones, but this is the best (one) I have. (nominal substitution) 2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution) 3) A: ‘Bruce is a good actor.’ B: ‘I don’t think so.’ (clausal substitution) ;Three types of Ellipsis;三、 Conjunction ——连接;e.g. To be able to see Nobody! And at that distance, too! (additive) All the figures were correct; they’d been checked. Yet the total came out wrong.