conversational implicture会话含义.pptVIP

Logic and conversation H.P.Grice 本文结构 1.文章目的 2.什么是会话含义 3.会话含义的分类 4.合作原则及其四准则 5.违反合作原则的一些表现 6.会话含义举例 7.会话含义特征 8.会话含义理论的缺陷和后续发展  1. 文章目的：通过运用Grice提出的会话原则来分析人们在会话时无法从字面意义理解的句子，使人们之间的交流更顺畅 2. what is implicature E.g.1 A and B are talking about a mutual friend, C, who is now working in a bank. A asks : how is C getting on in his job? B replies : Oh quite well I think; he likes his colleagues, and he hasnt been to prison yet. 对B的回答，A会明白答复里有隐含信息，并且产生多种解析，比如：一是C为人贪婪，对财物的抵抗力差；二是C的朋友都不靠谱，关键时刻会背信弃义，等等。 如果在对话之前对语境有了深入了解，那么就不会产生歧义。 从这里，我们可以看出来，无论B想要表达什么，都绝不会是如他回答的字面意思那么简单。在文字之中所隐含的真正意思，就是我们所要讲的Implicature。所以对会话的分析离不开语境。 E.g.3对句子Harold Wilson is a great man . The British Prime Minister is a great man.的理解 如果人们对背景有了解，就会知道句子指的是同一个人 3 types of implicature 3.1 conventional implicature: the meaning of words used is conventional E.g.4 : 老刘，你真是说曹操曹操到。 3.2 non-conventional implicature ( 或者叫做conversational implicature） 此类会话看似前后不连贯，实际上它们都紧紧围绕着某个主题。将此类会话与其他类型做一比较，总结出了一些特点，就是cooperative principle 4 Cooperative principle(简称CP） Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at which it occurs, by the accepted purposes or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. 1 quantity 1.1 make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange) 1.2 do not make your contribution more informative than is required (1.2有歧义：1 认为信息供过于求不违反原则。反驳观点：①信息过多会使听话人无法抓住句子重点；②误以为说话者在传达其他信息。 2 认为此条与后面的be relevant 重复） 2 quality 2.1 do not say what you believe to be false （有人认为这一条不应从属于quality之下，而是一个会话能够顺利进行的前提） 2.2 do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence 3 be relevant ：语言要简洁凝练，如何在准则内变换主题 4 manner（不强调谈话内容） 4.1 avoid of obscurity of expression 4.2 avoid ambiguity 4.3 be brief 4.4 be orderly 会话不单单是对语言的理解，从很多角度（aesthetic, social. or moral in character)都存在影响，例如 be polite