土力学-4章(new).pptVIP

第四章 土的渗透性及渗透稳定;土的三大力学性质;第二节 土的渗透性Section 2 Permeability of soils;2. 水力梯度（Hydraulic gradient） ;In one dimension, water flows through a fully saturated soil in accordance with Darcy’s empirical law:;volume of water flowing per unit time cm3/s;Note:;Note:;二、土的渗透系数 k的测定：;The coefficient of permeability for coarse-gained soils can be determined by means of the constant head permeability test. For fine-grained soils the falling-head test should be used.;;（2）变水头 ——细粒土 Falling head permeability test for fine-grained soil 两边积分，得;4. 现场渗透试验 (Permeability test in site) （自学） （1）抽水法 (Pumping test) （2）注水法 (Water injection test) 5. 经验估算法 (Empirical estimate formula) 常见的渗透系数的经验计算公式见P73表4－1。 常见的各类土的渗透系数的变化范围见P73表4－2。;table4-2 各类土的渗透系数及渗透性能;三、土的渗透系数 k的影响因素(课本P84);The presence of a small percentage of fines in a coarse-grained soil results in a value of k significantly lower than the value for the same soil without fines.;含砾量与k的关系;For a given soil the coefficient of permeability is a function of void ratio.;3、水的动力粘滞系数（水的温度）;The coefficient of permeability depends primarily on the average size of the pores, which in turn is related to the distribution of particle sizes, particle shape and soil structure. In general, the smaller the particles the smaller is the average size of the pores and the lower is the coefficient of permeability.The presence of a small percentage of fines in a coarse-grained soil results in a value of k significantly lower than the value for the same soil without fines. For a given soil the coefficient of permeability is a function of void ratio. The coefficient of permeability also varies with temperature, upon which the viscosity of water depends. ;4.3 渗流作用下的应力状态;1－1断面;1－1断面;无论第1种情况，渗流自上而下，或是第2种情况，渗流自下而上，渗流作用下的有效应力状态，当以整个土体为准时,可用试样的饱和重量 ＋边界孔隙水压力差 表示。;局部破坏：由于渗流作用，将土体中的细颗粒冲出、带走或局部土体产生移动，导致土体变形，称为渗透变形（如闸、坝堤基础下地基中发生的流土和管涌现象） 整体破坏：渗流作用下整个土体产生滑动，导致破坏，称整体破坏（如岸坡或土坝在在水位骤降时由渗流引起的滑动）;一、渗流力 (Seepage force) 1. 总渗流