从出土实物及模拟实验看商周青铜器纹饰技术发展脉络.docVIP

从出土实物及模拟实验看商周青铜器纹饰技术发展脉络摘要:通过对出土实物的观察和做模拟实验的发现,笔者认为,商周青铜器的纹饰技术伴随其范铸分型技术的进步而不断发展,同时它也引起铭文技术随之变化。商周青铜器纹饰技术具体的发展脉络为:夏代青铜器制模、制范技术不规范,纹饰技术处于摸索阶段。商早期青铜器范铸分型技术已具成熟的工艺设计思想,在素范面压塑纹饰的“纹饰压塑技术”出现;商中期青铜器纹饰技术有了划时代的进步,出现了“纹饰堆塑技术”,且与“纹饰压塑技术”兼容并用;商晚期青铜器纹饰技术达到顶峰。西周青铜器范铸分型技术无明显进步,纹饰制作技术显示退化趋势;春秋中期以后,青铜器范铸工艺分型增多,纹饰技术发生改革,发明了单元纹饰范拚兑技术 关键词:青铜器;纹饰压塑技术;纹饰堆塑技术;单元纹饰范 Abstract:According to observing the unearthed archeological materials and carrying out the piece-mould casting simulation experiment, we found that the technology of ornament-making on surface of bronze developed with the advance of piece-mould making technology in period of Shang and Zhou, which simultaneously caused the change of epigraph-making technology. The detailed process of ornament-making technology is as follows: it was still at the exploratory stage in period of Xia,while,the technology of model-making and that of mould-making were not standardized; The technology of pressing ornament on surface of mould appeared in early period of Shang,meanwhile,the piece-mould casting technology had specification;In middle period of Shang, it had great progress and appeared the technology of pasting ornament;In late period of Shang, it reached the peak,in contrast,which began to simplified in period of East-Zhou;The piece-mould casting technology in early period of Chun-Qiu inherited that in period of East-Zhou; With the number of piece-mould became to more,there appeared the unit-ornament making technology. Key words:bronze;the technology of pressing ornament; the technology of pasting ornament; unit-ornament mould 中国青铜时代延绵发展了数千年,这一时代的代表作品是青铜器。对商周青铜器的研究,考古界注重的是其形制特征,科技考古界关注的则多是其合金成分及金相结构。对商周青铜器范铸工艺制作过程的研究甚少,更有许多范铸技术问题,长期以来没有得到学术界的认定 商周青铜器范铸工艺技术是个大课题,这里主要是通过观察出土青铜器表面范铸痕迹和开展范铸模拟实验,从而对商周青铜器纹饰技术的发展脉络宏观上作一研究与探讨 现有研究表明,商周青铜器的表面纹饰大多来源于陶范,铸后刻制的很少。关于范面纹饰的制作,学术界有多种观点:一种观点认为范面纹饰在泥模上制好再翻制到泥范面(1)、(2);一种观点认为范面纹饰在泥范面直接制作(3);一种观点认为主干花纹在泥模上制好再翻制到泥范面,细花纹则在泥范面直接制作(4);一种观点则认为纹饰技术经历了如下的发展历程:范纹―模纹―模范合作纹(5)。大量观察出土实物后,笔者发现,商周(西周)青铜器表面,若以兽