Linguistics Chapter 1概要1.pptVIP

Examples of Prescriptive grammar: traditional 1. (A) It is I. (B) It is me. You should say A instead of B， because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin. 2. (A) Who did you speak to? (B) Whom did you speak to? You should say B instead of A, because Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; Who is more acceptable in informal speech. 1.9.2 Synchronic共时 vs. diachronic历时 A synchronic (共时的) description, the description of a language at some (certain) point in time, takes a fixed instant as its point of observation (static state). Most grammars are of this kind. A Grammar of Modern Greek; The Structure of Shakespeare’s English Diachronic (历时的): the description of a language as it changes through time. (dynamic state) Pejorative (轻蔑语) Sense Development in English * Synchronic vs diachronic Synchronic study---- description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study---- description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 1.9.3 Langue 语言 parole 言语 Langue (language): the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community (说话者的语言能力 the linguistic competence of the speaker ) Parole (speaking): the realization of langue in actual use (语言上的实际表现 the actual phenomena or data of linguistics) * Saussure Differences between langue and parole Langue Parole abstract specific to the speaking situation not actually spoken by an individual always a naturally occurring event relatively stable and systematic a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation * Langue(language) Parole (speaking) the generalized rules of language 1) abstract (system of rules) 2)shared (by all members of a speech community) 3) relatively stable the application of rules 1) concrete(use of langue) 2) specific (to individual persons/ contexts) 3) changeable 1.9.4 Competence语