Chapter 7 Politeness and interactionCP原则概要1.ppt

Unit 7 Politeness and interaction Key points  Politeness principle Face theory Politeness strategies Much of what we say and a great deal of what we communicate is determined by our social relationship. A linguistic interaction is necessarily a social interaction. factors related External factors: age, power, etc. Internal factors: amount of imposition or degree of friendliness Politeness principle (PP) We clearly attach great importance to “speaking politely”. This aspect of the communicative process was largely ignored by Austin, Searle and Grice. Yet, the need to be polite can often account for why we choose to imply rather than assert an idea or why we choose to use an indirect dirctive like Well, I really must get on with my work now, rather than a direct directive like Go home. Politeness principle (PP) Why people don’t talk directly and why they flout CP? Because they try to show politeness and save other’s face. G. Leech put forward a politeness principle and 6 maxims as the 4 maxims of PP. He said PP is an effective complement of CP and saves CP from its difficulty. Politeness principle (PP) Below are five utterances with an imperative structure. Assume that each one would be spoken by the host to a guest. Rearrange them in order of politeness, starting with the least polite. Think about what made some of these utterances seem more polite than others. (a) Take a look at this. (b) Clean up the kitchen floor. (c) Pass the salt. (d) Have some more cake. (e) Peel these potatoes. b,e,c,a,d Politeness principle (PP) The smaller the “cost” of the action for the hearer, the more polite the speaker sounds. “Have some more cake” is a positive benefit to the hearer and we interpret this as an offer rather than a request. Tact Maxim: Minimize the cost to other; maximize the benefit to other. Generosity Maxim: minimize the benefit to your self, maximize the benefit to the other. Politeness principle (PP) In each of the following dialogues