Chapter 7 语言学理论概要1.pptVIP

outline 7.1 Theory formation 7.2 Transformational-generative linguistics 7.3 Other current theories 7.4 Earlier post-‘structuralist’ theories 7.3 Other current theories 7.3.1 Generalized phrase structure grammar 广义短语结构语法 7.3.2 Relational and functional grammar 关系和功能语法 7.3.3 Dependency grammar 依存语法 7.3.1 Generalized phrase structure grammar 广义短语结构语法 7.3.1 Generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG) Time: late 1970s- early 1980s Proponents: Gazdar (盖茨达)、Pullum (普 鲁姆) and Sag (萨格) 7.3.1 Generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG) ★Features: 7.3.1 Generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG) 7.3.1 Generalized phrase structure grammar(GPSG) ★Rules: Eg. He gave his mother a birthday present. Immediate dominance rules(直接支配规则): VP V, NP1, NP2 2. Linear precedence rules(线性前置规则)： V NP1 NP2 3. Metarules(变形规则)：Every transitive VP has a corresponding passive form, and that whatever lexical restraint there may be in an active sentence they are the same in the passive. (Exceptions like resemble) 头驱动语法 7.3.2 Relational and functional grammar关系和功能语法 7.3.2 Relational grammar Time: Early 1970s Proponents: Perlmutter （帕尔穆特） 7.3.2 Relational grammar ★ Formation: 7.3.2 Relational grammar ★General idea: Relational grammar takes such syntactic concept as subject, direct object, and indirect object as primitives. 关系语法把诸如主语、宾语这些成分同列为“语法关系”，认为它们是语言构成的原始成分（原初概念），声称语法关系不能根据其他概念再进一步定义。 7.3.2 Relational grammar 7.3.2 Relational grammar ★ Description of basic concepts: In relational grammar, grammatical relation is displayed by symbols “1, 2, 3”. 1------ subject 2------ direct object 3------ indirect object 7.3.2 Relational grammar ★Some of the rules: 7.3.2 Relational grammar 7.3.2 Lexical-functional grammar（LFG）词汇功能函项语法 7.3.2 Lexical-functional grammar（LFG） Time: The end of 1970s Proponents:布列斯南(Joan Bresnan)、 卡普兰(R.Kaplan) ——乔姆斯