chapter9 二语习得概要1.pptVIP

9.4.3 Processing Operations Operating principles Operation principles(OPs) are based on the claim that certain linguistic forms are more accessible or more salient to the child than others (Slobin, 1979:107). Operating Principles in L1 Acquisition Slobins book, Psycholinguistics, lists five OPs and five resulting universals. 1.Five OPs Ops pay attention to the ends of words. there are linguistic elements that encode relations between words Ops avoid exceptions underlying semantic relations should be marked overtly and clearly the use of grammatical markers should make semantic sense.  2. L1A universals 1. For any given semantic notion, postposed forms will be acquired earlier than preposed forms. For example, “The ball is big”is acquired before “This is a big ball”; 2. The following stages of linguistic marking of a semantic notion are typically observed: Stage One: no marking (e.g. “go”), Stage Two: appropriate marking in limited cases (e.g. “went ” as a word), Stage Three: overgeneralization of marking (e.g. “goed” as the past form of “go”), Stage Four: full adult system (e.g. “went” as the past form of “go”); 3. The close a grammatical system adheres to one-to-one mapping between semantic elements and surface elements, the earlier it will be acquired. For example, the regular plural form “-s”(e.g.”books”) is acquired before the irregular plural forms (e.g. “men”and “feet”) 2. L1A universals 4. When selection of an appropriate inflection among a group of inflections performing the same semantic function is determined by arbitrary formal criteria, the child initially tends to use a simple form in all environments. For example, the regular past form “-ed” is used for irregular verbs; 5. Semantically consistent grammatical rules are acquired early and without significant error (e.g. the progressiv