Chemometrics概要1.ppt

Errors in quantitative analysis No quantitative results are of any value unless they are accompanied by some estimate of the errors inherent in them 24.69 24.73 24.77 25.39 (outlier) Types of errors Based on laboratory measurements: Instrumental Methodology Theoretical Data treatment Based on their effect on the evaluation of the result: Systematic-mostly instrumental Random Personal Gross Random errors cause replicate results to differ from one another so that the individual results fall on both sides of the average values even when all other errors are allowed for. The deviation would be slight otherwise it could have been investigated The total effects of the causes would yield a significant deviation Systematic errors cause all the results to be in error in the same sense Instrumental errors are the most important Insufficient chemical purity Imperfect standard calibration and standardization Bias of the measurement is the total systematic error (some sources cause +ve and others cause –ve results) Personal errors The results depend to some extent on the physical peculiarities of the observer (under otherwise equal conditions). These can be both systematic and random. Gross errors Errors that are so serious that there is no real alternative t abandoning the experiment and making a completely fresh start (external influences that cause completely inaccurate results such as reading 20.0 and writing 30.0. Absolute and relative errors Absolute error Relative error Reduced relative error Accuracy (according to ISO =International Standards Organization): the closeness of agreement between a test result and the accepted reference value of the analyte Precision= reproducibility and repeatability Precision describes random error, bias describe systematic error and the accuracy incorporates both types of errors. Repeatability Within-run-precision Reproducibility Between-run-precision Random and systematic errors in titrimetric