Chapter6TransportLayer概要1.ppt

TCP Timer Management Probability density of acknowledgment arrival times in data link layer. (b) … for TCP TCP Congestion Control (1) Slow start from an initial congestion window of 1 segment TCP Congestion Control (2) Additive increase from an initial congestion window of 1 segment. TCP Congestion Control (3) Slow start followed by additive increase in TCP Tahoe. TCP Congestion Control (4) Fast recovery and the sawtooth pattern of TCP Reno. Performance Issues Performance problems in computer networks Network performance measurement System design for better performance Fast TPDU processing Protocols for high-speed networks Performance Problems in Computer Networks The state of transmitting one megabit from San Diego to Boston. (a) At t = 0. (b) After 500 μ sec. (c) After 20 msec. (d) After 40 msec. Network Performance Measurement (1) Steps to performance improvement Measure relevant network parameters, performance. Try to understand what is going on. Change one parameter. Network Performance Measurement (2) Issues in measuring performance Sufficient sample size Representative samples Clock accuracy Measuring typical representative load Beware of caching Understand what you are measuring Extrapolate with care Network Performance Measurement (3) Response as a function of load. System Design for Better Performance (1) Rules of thumb CPU speed more important than network speed Reduce packet count to reduce software overhead Minimize data touching Minimize context switches Minimize copying You can buy more bandwidth but not lower delay Avoiding congestion is better than recovering from it Avoid timeouts System Design for Better Performance (2) Four context switches to handle one packet with a user-space network manager. Fast TPDU Processing (1) The fast path from sender to receiver is shown with a heavy line. The processing steps on this path are shaded. Fast TPDU Processing (2) (a) TCP header. (b) IP header. In both cases, the shaded fields are taken from the pr