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双眼睑闭合障碍（瞬目减少），双眼球突出，结膜充血， arcus senilis老年环， kayser- Fleischer ring：k-F环，角膜外缘棕黄色色素环，肝豆状核变性。 atrophy of optic N 视神经萎缩， cerebral hernia脑疝， Convergence reflex集合反射：1m，逐渐5-10cm，双眼内聚，瞳孔缩小； Accommodation reflex 调节反射：从远到近，伴有晶状体的调节； Fundus眼底 Tympany 鼓胀； perforation穿孔； mastoid乳突； Voice tuning音叉 Erythema红斑 pigmentation色素沉着；hypertrophy肥大；septum鼻中隔；rosacea酒渣鼻 * Epiataxis鼻出血；purulent 化脓的；maxillary上颌骨的；ethmoid筛骨 * aortic regurgitation主动脉瓣关闭不全；pneumonia肺炎；ecchymosis瘀斑；Koplick’s spot：Koplick斑，麻疹粘膜斑；Erythema粘膜疹； * Caries龋齿；residual roots残根；缺齿，义齿；incisor 切牙；cuspid尖牙； Pyorrhea溢脓； * Cyanosis发绀；myxedema粘液水肿；papillae舌乳头 * Subglossal舌下神经；uvula悬雍垂 鼻咽部，口咽部，咽喉部 * Pharyngopalatin腭咽弓；exudate渗出物 * Sternocleidomastoid胸锁乳突肌；Lymphadenopathy淋巴结疾病；cyst囊肿 * Thorax胸腔；aortic regurgitation主动脉瓣返流；superior vena cava.上腔静脉；of thorax and peritoneal cavity胸腔，腹腔 * 动静脉杂音位置连续性均不同 tricuspid三尖瓣 * Mediastinal纵膈的，unilateral单方的，aortic aneurysm主动脉瘤；suprasternal notch胸骨上切记 Atelectasis肺不张，pleural胸膜的， * Clavicle锁骨，mandible下颌 * General Consideration of Diagnostics Li Ping（厉平） Endocrinology department of Affiliated Shengjing Hospital, China medical university Head Hair and scalp Hair: colour, distribution, amount, texture Scalp: colour, desquamation, trauma, nodule, hematoma and scar Skull notice: size, shape and movement. Deformities of skull: ①Microcephalia is a congenital malformation with severe mental retardation ②Oxycephaly( tower skull) Apert Syn ③Square skull: seen in rickets or congenital syphilis ④Large skull: accumulation of cerebraspinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain. setting-sun phenomenon seen in hydracephallus. ⑤Delichocephalia: seen in Marfan syndrome and acromegaly ⑥Deforming skull: enlargement and deforming of the skull seen in middle-age Paget disease Cranial organs 1.Eyes ①eyebrow external 1/3 loose in hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism ②eyelids 1.entropion: trachoma 2.Ptosis：bilateral: myasthenia; sing