Environmental Ecology(生态学 第五版).pptx

Chapter 1 Introduction: What Is Ecology; What Is Ecology?;To get a better idea of what ecology is, let’s briefly review the research approaches of a few ecologists: The Ecology of Forest Birds: Using Field Studies to Test theory The Ecology of Bumblebees: Contributions of Field and Laboratory Studies Forest Nutrient Budgets: Inventories and Large-Scale Experiments Vegetation Change: Information from Pollen Records and Modeling;The Ecology of Forest Birds;Five warbler species feed in different zones in spruce tree;MacArthur’s work stimulated numerous studies of competition among many groups of organisms, including warblers. Some of these studies produced results that supported his work and others produced different results. All added to our knowledge of competition between species and of warbler ecology.;Ecologist: Douglass Morse Question: whether warblers use the same feeding zones in the absence of one or more of the other specie??;The studies of MacArthur and Morse show how field studies can be used to address important ecological question Field studies can also be combined with laboratory studies to yield even more detailed information about ecological systems;BumblebeeLive in most of the cool regions of the earth. But how they maintain a warm body temperature in a cool environment??? Ecologist Heinrich realized that in order to understand the ecology of bumblebees, he needed to quantify their gains and losses of energy He used the Field and Laboratory Studies;For ecologists who study the budgets of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium, one of the first steps is to inventory their distribution within an ecosystem Nalini Nadkarniinventories by her changed our ideas of how tropical and temperate rain forests are structured and how they function;The earth and its life are always changing However, many of the most important changes occur over such a long period of time or at such large spatial scales that they are difficult to