Lecture 1Nonverbal Communication概要1.pptVIP

3. Chronemics (时间学)/ Time Each of us has the same number of hours in every day, but that time can be used differently. The time can be saved, wasted, kept, bought, sold or even killed. Time perceptions include punctuality and ways of social? interactions. Usually peoples lifestyles, such as daily routine, making appointments, body movements, even speech speed and?taking a turn in the conversation are affected by different time perception. 3. Chronemics / Time Time perception differs in various cultures, which can create a misunderstanding if a person is unaware of the cultural differences.? For example, in America time flies. People are pressured and constrained by time because they are trying to control it.?They are always living a hectic life. In the business world, Americans are expected to arrive to meetings on time, and usually, even early. On the other hand, they arrive late to parties and dances. 3. Chronemics / Time 霍尔提出人类时间观念有两种文化模式：“单线性时间取向文化”（monochronic-time-oriented cultures）和“多线性时间取向文化”（polychronic-time-oriented cultures）（Hall, 1994）。 Edward T. Hall, (May 16, 1914 – July 20, 2009), an anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher 3. Chronemics / Time Monochronic-time-oriented cultures tend to treat time as something fixed in nature. Time is like the air surrounding us, which we cannot escape. Thus, time is lineal, segmented, and manageable. People in monochronic-time-oriented cultures tend to do one thing at a time and to follow precise scheduling. In social interactions making appointments and meeting deadlines are common practice. Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States are some examples of monochronic-time-oriented cultures. 3. Chronemics / Time Polychronic-time-oriented cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments. Instead, they treat time as a less tangible medium in which many things can be done simultaneously. Thus, in these cultures, personal interaction and relationship development