Linguistics Chapter 6 Pragmatics：Talk 2概要1.pptVIP

In Pragmatics Influential theories on macropragmatics Speech Act Theory The Cooperative Principle (CP) The Politeness Principle (PP) A very important theory in the pragmatic study British philosopher John Austin, in the 1950s A philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication A speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. (1) locutionary act: the act of conveying the literal meaning （言内行为） (2) illocutionary act: the act of expressing the speaker’s intention （言外行为） (3) perlocutionary act: the change brought about by saying something （言后行为） The locutionary act performed by the speaker is … His utterance of all the words “you, have, door, open, etc”, The illocutionary act performed by the speakers is … i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making complaints, etc. The perlocutionary act refers to … i.e. the hearer gets the speaker’s message of telling him to close the door Cooperative Principle (CP) Philosopher and logician, Paul Grice made an attempt to explain the course of natural conversation. ‘The participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk.’ This general principle is called the Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. 亲爱的先生：某君精通英语，经常出席导师主持的讨论会。 ?某哲学教授受某学生之托，没有充分理由不遵守合作原则，但他作为哲学教授清楚地知道某学生哲学学行不怎么好，缺乏哲学头脑，根本不适合搞哲学研究工作。故在推荐信中只用一句话来介绍这位学生的情况，故意不向用人单位提供所需要的重要信息——哲学学习情况。用人单位见到这封短信自然会推导出其会话含义：该生不适合搞哲学研究工作。 THE END 萍：爸爸，不过四凤同鲁贵在家里都很好,很忠诚的。 朴：恩，我很累了。 我预备到书房歇一下。你叫他们送一碗浓一点的普洱茶来。 Violation of the maxims (Manner) 1. Avoid obscurity of expression A: Let’s get the kids something. B: Ok, but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E. Don’t give them chocolate. 2. Avoid ambiguity 买一赠一。 3. Be brief A: Did you get my assignment? B: I received two pages clipped together and covered with rows of black squiggles. not satisfied. -Is your boss a nice man? - He wears a pink