X射线和γ射线天文观测.PDF

X射线和 γ射线天文观测 王俊贤 中国科技大学天体物理中心 5/26/2017 • Introduction • Cherenkov Telescope • Detectors • A brief history of X-ray astronomy • X-ray targets • Imaging technique • X-ray observatories • Future • Cosmic X-ray Background (CXB) 5/26/2017 • High energy emission comes from regions with extreme high temperature or relativistic velocity 5/26/2017 • Photon energy unit – keV • Convert photon energy to wavelength -9 1 keV 1.6 x 10 erg hc/ λ, λ 12.4Å the ionization potential of hydrogen: 13.6 eV or 912Å • Temperature 7 1 keV ~ 1.16 x 10 K (h ν kT) • Doppler shift a UV photon at 1240Å to 1keV require a speed of 0.9998c 5/26/2017 1895 Conrad Röntgen • The first Physics Nobel Prize Winner (1901) 5/26/2017 Rapid growth of X-ray astronomy • Simple detectors on rocket flight in 1962, equivalent to a naked eye in visible astronomy • A billion times more sensitive today, comparable to 10 meter optical telescopes 5/26/2017 • X-ray 的光电吸收 • Compton scattering 电子经典散射截面 6.65x 10-25 cm2 5/26/2017 Dust extinction versus X-ray absorption NH Galactic ISM • absorption line • absorption edge 5/26/2017 5/26/2017 X-ray scattering by dust –X-ray halo • Draine 2003 • 空气分子数密度 2.45x 1019 cm-3 • 空气中氧氮元素丰度 ~100 ％ • 太阳中金属元素丰度 ~0.2 ％ • 10 cm空气中对应太阳金属丰度大气柱密度 23 -2 ~ 2.5x 10 cm 5/26/2017 • ninety percent of the photons in a beam of 3 keV X-rays are absorbed by traveling through j ust 10 cm of air! • Three methods doing X-ray astronomy • Rocket flights • Balloons • Satellites 5/26/2017 5/26/2017 5/26/2017