词根词缀及其构词法汇总.ppt

Existence of conversions Loss of inflections Free interchange of a word from one class into another is a significant feature of modern English. Words formerly distinguished as nouns or verbs by differences in their forms are now often used as both nouns and verbs: * To plan a table --- to table a plan * To book a place --- to place a book Types of Conversion Conversion to Nouns Conversion to Verbs Conversion to Adjectives Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives and verbs, among which the conversion between nouns and verbs are the most productive. 4.3.1 Conversion to nouns De-verbal De-adjectival Miscellaneous conversion 1) Deverbal （由动词转化而来的名词） Almost all monomorphemic (单语素结构的)verbs can be used as nouns， which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways. State (of mind or sensation) (doubt; want; desire) Event or activity( search; laugh; teach-in) Result of the action (catch; find, answer) Doer of the action( help; cheat, bore) Tool or instrument to do the action with (cover; wrap) Place of the action (pass; walk; divide) 2) De-adjectival 由形容词转化成的名词 This conversion can be explained in terms of a fixed adjective plus noun phrase from which the noun has been ellipted. They are running in the final ( race). As a footballer, he is a natural (skilled player). Daily (newspaper) Comic (actor) Regular (customer) Full conversion完全转换: A noun fully converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns. It can take an indefinite article or –(e)s to indicate singular or plural number. Partial conversion 部分转换 Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles as nouns while retaining some of the adjective features. The gradable adjectives can keep their comparative or superlative degrees. Words in this category generally denote a group of the kind. 3). Miscellaneous conversion其他类型的转换 Nouns converted from other classes a