动词短语及情态动词.ppt

动词、短语及情态动词 (一)动词 1．动词分类 根据动词的词义及在句中所起的作用，可将动词分为实义动词、系动词、 助动词和情态动词。 2．实义动词 实义动词也叫行为动词，是有实在意义的动词， 在句中能单独作谓语。实义动词 又分为及物动词(能直接跟宾语的动词)和不及物动词(不能直接跟宾语的动词)。 及物动词(vt.)后面需要跟宾语，意思才完整。 不及物动词(vi.)不能直接跟宾语，但往往在其后加上介词后就可以跟宾语了。 注意：很多动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。 3．系动词系动词有一定的词义，但不完整，在句中不能单独作谓语，必须和其后面的表语一起构成谓语。常见的系动词有： (1)表状态、保持某种状态的：be, keep, stay, remain等。 Their classroom is/keeps/stays very clean. (2)表感官的：look, seem, appear, sound, smell, taste，feel等。 The meat on the table looks very nice, but it tastes terrible. (3)表变化的：become, get, turn, fall, come, go, grow等。 I hope that all of your dreams can come true one day. She turned off the lights and fell asleep very soon. 4．助动词 助动词无词义，也不能独立作谓语， 用于帮助构成某种时态、语态、疑问句、否定句或加强语气等。 常用的助动词有： be(am/is/are/was/were), do(do/does/did), have(have/has/had), will(will/would), shall(shall/should)等。 He is watching TV in the living-room now. 5．情态动词 情态动词表示说话人的语气或态度，有词义， 但不完整，须跟其他动词(一般 跟动词原形)一起构成谓语；它本身没有人称和数的变化；在其后加not即构成否 定，将其提前即构成疑问。常见的情态动词有can, may, must, need, should等。 (1)can 能够，会 ①表能力。 He can speak Japanese very well. ＝He is able to speak Japanese very well. ②表请求、许可。 —Can I sit next to you? —Of course, you can./Sorry, you cant. 注意：此处也可以用may/might/could，但might, could并不表示过去，只是 语气更加委婉。 —Could you tell me how to get to the cinema? —Yes, I can. (2)may表请求、许可，意为“也许，可能”。 —May I use your bike? —Yes, you may./No, you cant/mustnt. 注意：may的否定回答要用cant或mustnt, 不能用may not。 (3)must表义务，意为“必须”。 —Must I wash them now? —Yes, you must./No, you neednt (dont have to)． 注意：否定回答不能用mustnt(不允许，禁止)，而要用neednt或dont have to(没必要)。 (4)have to表客观产生的必要性，意为“不得不”。 Were in grade three now, and we have to do lots of homework. ①must表示主观意识到的必须，而have to表示客观上要求、不得不。 We must study hard since we are students. (5)have to与must的区别： Im sorry I have to leave. Its eleven now. ②have to 有人称和时态的变化，而must没有。 He had to walk back home yesterday because he didnt take any money with him. (6)need 表需要。 —Need I buy some food for din