曼昆经济学原理20.ppt

* * * * * * * * 24 15 * 27 17 * 27 17 * 29 18 * 29 18 * 30 18 * 30 18 * 31 19 * 31 19 * 32 19 * 32 19 * 33 20 * 33 20 * 36 22 * 37 23 * 38 23 * 37 23 * 37 23 * 39 24 * 39 24 * 40 25 * 41 * 41 * 42 * 42 * 42 * 43 27 * 44 27 * 44 27 * 43 27 * 43 27 * In-Kind Transfers 实物转移支付 In-kind transfers are transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash. 实物转移支付是向穷人转移支付物品和劳务而不是现金。 Food stamps and Medicaid are examples. 食品券和医疗援助是实物转移支付的例子。 In-Kind Transfers Advocates of in-kind transfers argue that such transfers ensure that the poor get what they most need. Advocates of cash payments argue that in-kind-transfers are inefficient and disrespectful. 实物转移支付 支持者认为，这种转移支付确保穷人得到他们最需要的东西。 现金支付的支持者认为，实物转移支付是无效率的和不尊重穷人的。 Antipoverty Programs and Work Incentives反贫穷计划和工作激励 Many policies aimed at helping the poor can have the unintended effect of discouraging the poor from escaping poverty on their own. 许多旨在帮助穷人的政策可能对鼓励穷人依靠自己的力量脱贫有意想不到的不利影响。 Antipoverty Programs and Work Incentives An antipoverty program can affect work incentives: A family needs $15,000 to maintain a reasonable standard of living. The government promises to guarantee every family a $15,000 income. Any person making under $15,000 has no incentive to work due to the effective marginal tax rate of 100 percent. 反贫困计划和工作激励 反贫困计划可能影响工作激励： 假设一个家庭维持合理的生活水平需要15,000 美元。 政府承诺每个家庭都有15,000美元的收入。 任何一个工作收入在15,000美元以下的人就没有工作的激励，这是因为实际的边际税率是100％。 Antipoverty Programs and Work Incentives反贫穷计划和工作激励 Workfare refers to a system that would require any person collecting benefits to accept a government-provided job. 劳动福利——一种要求任何一个得到津贴的人接受一份政府提供的工作的制度。 Antipoverty Programs and Work Incentives反贫穷计划和工作激励 A 1996 welfare reform bill advocated providing benefits for only a limited period of time. 1996年的福利改革提案要求只在有限的时间内提供津贴。 Summary Data on the distribution of income show wide disparity in our society. The richest fifth of the families earns about ten times as much as the poorest fifth. It is difficult to gauge t